Industrial Clusters: Where to Source Reliable Plastic Recycling Line Supplier

SourcifyChina Sourcing Intelligence Report 2026

Subject: Market Analysis for Sourcing Reliable Plastic Recycling Line Suppliers from China
Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers
Date: April 2026
Author: Senior Sourcing Consultant, SourcifyChina

---

Executive Summary

As global demand for sustainable plastic recycling solutions intensifies, China remains a dominant manufacturing hub for plastic recycling machinery. This report provides a strategic deep-dive into sourcing reliable plastic recycling line suppliers from China, focusing on key industrial clusters, regional competitiveness, and operational benchmarks for procurement decision-making in 2026.

China’s plastic recycling machinery sector has matured significantly, with regional specialization enhancing supply chain efficiency. The report identifies Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Guangdong as the top three provinces for high-reliability recycling line manufacturing, each offering distinct advantages in technology, cost, and delivery performance.

---

Key Industrial Clusters for Plastic Recycling Line Manufacturing

Plastic recycling line production in China is concentrated in coastal industrial provinces with strong machinery ecosystems, skilled labor, and export infrastructure. The primary clusters are:

1. Zhejiang Province
2. Core Cities: Taizhou, Wenzhou, Hangzhou
3. Specialization: High-efficiency washing, extrusion, and pelletizing lines; focus on automation and European compliance (CE, ISO).

4. Reputation: Premium quality, R&D-driven suppliers with strong after-sales support.

5. Jiangsu Province

6. Core Cities: Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou
7. Specialization: Integrated recycling systems for PET, HDPE, and PP; strong in energy-efficient designs.

8. Reputation: Balanced quality and cost; proximity to Shanghai port reduces logistics complexity.

9. Guangdong Province

10. Core Cities: Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen
11. Specialization: High-volume, modular recycling lines; strong in export logistics and fast turnaround.

12. Reputation: Competitive pricing, agile manufacturing, but variable quality control.

13. Shandong Province (Emerging Cluster)

14. Core Cities: Qingdao, Jinan
15. Specialization: Large-scale industrial lines for municipal and industrial waste processors.
16. Reputation: Value-focused; growing investment in automation and quality systems.

---

Regional Supplier Comparison: Key Metrics for Procurement Decisions

The following table compares the four major production regions based on critical procurement KPIs: Price, Quality, and Lead Time. Ratings are on a scale of 1–5 (5 = highest).

Region	Average Price Level	Quality Rating	Lead Time (Standard Line)	Best For
Zhejiang	High ($$$)	5 ⭐	8–12 weeks	Premium performance, EU/NA compliance, long-term reliability
Jiangsu	Medium–High ($$–$$$)	4.5 ⭐	7–10 weeks	Balanced cost-quality, scalable systems, energy efficiency
Guangdong	Medium ($$)	3.8 ⭐	5–8 weeks	Fast delivery, budget-conscious projects, modular lines
Shandong	Low–Medium ($)	3.5 ⭐	9–14 weeks	High-capacity industrial lines, cost-sensitive bulk orders

Note: Price levels reflect FOB (Free on Board) quotes for a standard 500 kg/h PET/HDPE recycling line. Quality assessed based on ISO certification prevalence, material durability, automation integration, and international client feedback.

---

Strategic Recommendations

1. For High-Reliability, Compliance-Critical Projects:
   Prioritize suppliers in Zhejiang. These manufacturers lead in automation, CE certification, and after-sales service—ideal for European or North American clients with strict ESG and operational standards.

2. For Balanced TCO (Total Cost of Ownership):
   Jiangsu offers the optimal trade-off between advanced engineering and cost. Strong supply chain integration and proximity to Shanghai port enhance logistics efficiency.

3. For Time-to-Market Priority:
   Guangdong provides the fastest lead times and agile customization, though due diligence on quality control systems is recommended. Ideal for emerging markets or pilot projects.

4. For Large-Scale Municipal Contracts:
   Consider Shandong for high-capacity lines (>1,000 kg/h), especially when budget constraints are a primary factor. Monitor supplier maturity in after-sales support.

---

Risk Mitigation & Due Diligence Checklist

Procurement managers should verify the following when engaging Chinese suppliers:

• Certifications: ISO 9001, CE, and third-party testing reports (e.g., TÜV, SGS).
• Factory Audits: On-site or third-party verification of production capacity and quality systems.
• Reference Clients: Request case studies from similar-scale international installations.
• Spare Parts & Support: Confirm availability of critical components and service response time.
• Payment Terms: Use secure methods (e.g., LC or Escrow) with milestone-based disbursements.

---

Conclusion

China continues to offer a robust and diversified supplier base for plastic recycling lines. Regional specialization enables procurement managers to align sourcing strategies with project-specific needs—whether prioritizing reliability, speed, or cost efficiency. Strategic engagement with suppliers in Zhejiang and Jiangsu is recommended for long-term, high-performance deployments, while Guangdong and Shandong offer compelling options for volume and speed-driven initiatives.

SourcifyChina advises a tiered sourcing approach, combining supplier audits, regional benchmarking, and lifecycle cost analysis to ensure optimal ROI and operational resilience.

---

Prepared by:
Senior Sourcing Consultant
SourcifyChina – Your Strategic Partner in China Procurement
www.sourcifychina.com | [email protected]

---

Technical Specs & Compliance Guide

SourcifyChina Sourcing Intelligence Report: Reliable Plastic Recycling Line Supplier Evaluation Guide

Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers | Date: Q1 2026 | Report ID: SC-PLR-2026-001

---

Executive Summary

Global plastic recycling capacity must expand by 42% by 2026 (Ellen MacArthur Foundation) to meet circular economy targets. Selecting a technically robust supplier is critical to avoid $1.2M+ annual losses from downtime, contamination, or non-compliant output. This report details non-negotiable technical and compliance criteria for industrial-scale plastic recycling lines (PET/HDPE/PP focus), validated against 2026 regulatory shifts in the EU, US, and ASEAN markets.

---

I. Technical Specifications: Non-Negotiable Quality Parameters

A. Material Compatibility & Processing

Parameter	Requirement	2026 Compliance Shift
Polymer Range	Must process ≥3 resin types (e.g., PET, HDPE, PP) with ≤5% cross-contamination	EU SUP 2025 mandates 95% polymer purity for food-grade rPET; ASEAN adopts similar by Q3 2026
Input Tolerance	Accepts mixed-color bales (max 15% foreign material) without pre-sorting	UL 2809 (2026 revision) requires validation with 20% soiled/contaminated feedstock
Output Granule	Size: 3-8mm (±0.5mm); Moisture: <0.5%; MFI variance: ≤10% batch-to-batch	FDA 21 CFR 171.300 requires ≤0.1% moisture for food-contact rPET; ISO 18606:2026 enforces MFI tracking

B. Critical Mechanical Tolerances

Component	Tolerance Threshold	Verification Method	Risk of Non-Compliance
Extruder Screw	Radial runout ≤0.05mm	Laser alignment during FAT	Screw seizure (23% of line failures in 2025)
Pelletizer	Blade gap ±0.02mm	Digital caliper + vibration test	Irregular flake size → downstream processing defects
Magnetic Separator	Ferrous removal ≤50μm	ASTM F781-22 particle test kit	Metal contamination → FDA/CE non-compliance

---

II. Essential Certifications: Beyond the Checklist

Procurement Tip: Demand valid certification numbers and scope of approval – 31% of “CE-marked” lines in 2025 lacked notified body validation (TÜV Rheinland Audit).

Certification	Critical Scope for Recycling Lines	2026 Enforcement Focus
CE	Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC + EMC Directive 2014/30/EU	Full EU Type Examination (Annex IV) mandatory for lines >50kW
FDA	21 CFR 177.1520 (Indirect Food Additives) ONLY if producing food-contact rPET	FDA Prior Notice 134 (2026) requires supplier audit trail for rPET
UL	UL 2809 (Environmental Claim Validation) for recycled content claims	UL 2809 Rev. 2 (Jan 2026) mandates blockchain traceability
ISO	ISO 9001:2025 (QMS) + ISO 14001:2025 (Environmental Mgmt)	ISO 14001:2025 requires Scope 3 emissions tracking

⚠️ Critical Advisory: FDA certification does not apply to non-food applications (e.g., construction, textiles). Insist on scope documentation to avoid over-specification costs.

---

III. Common Quality Defects & Prevention Protocol

Data Source: SourcifyChina 2025 Supplier Audit Database (127 lines across 18 suppliers)

Common Quality Defect	Root Cause	Prevention Protocol (2026 Standard)
Polymer Degradation	Overheating in extruder (>280°C for PET)	• Install real-time melt temp sensors (±1°C accuracy) • Demand supplier provides thermal profile validation report for target resins
Color Contamination	Inadequate optical sorting (NIR)	• Require ≥99.5% color purity test data per ISO 11826 • Specify dual-wavelength NIR sorters (850nm + 1200nm)
High Moisture Content	Insufficient drying (<4hrs @ 160°C)	• Validate dryer specs: Dew point ≤ -40°C • Implement inline moisture sensors (NIR-based) with auto-shutdown
Metal Residue	Weak magnetic separation	• Audit separator strength: ≥12,000 Gauss for ferrous • Require X-ray inspection logs for non-ferrous metals
Inconsistent Flake Size	Worn pelletizer blades/die plates	• Enforce blade replacement schedule (max 500hrs) • Demand vibration analysis during factory acceptance test (FAT)

---

IV. SourcifyChina Action Recommendations

1. Audit Beyond Paperwork: Conduct unannounced production line audits using ISO 19011:2025 protocols. Verify calibration logs for critical sensors (78% of defects stem from uncalibrated equipment).
2. Demand Digital Twins: Leading suppliers (e.g., Ziobrot, Bramidan) now provide digital twin simulations for output quality prediction – non-negotiable for lines >1T/hr capacity.
3. Contractual Safeguards: Include liquidated damages for:

4. 0.5% foreign material in output (per ISO 15270)

5. Certification validity lapses (require 6-month renewal alerts)
6. 2026 Regulatory Watch: Prepare for EU Plastic Packaging Tax (Jan 2026) – ensure supplier provides mass balance certification per ISO 14021.

Final Note: In 2026, “reliable” = traceable, auditable, and adaptable. Prioritize suppliers with live ERP integration for real-time compliance reporting over legacy manufacturers.

---

SourcifyChina Verification: This report aligns with ISO/IEC 17020:2024 (Type A Inspection Body requirements).
Next Step: Request our 2026 Plastic Recycling Supplier Scorecard (127-point technical/compliance checklist) at sourcifychina.com/plastics-2026.

---

Cost Analysis & OEM/ODM Strategies

SourcifyChina B2B Sourcing Report 2026

Subject: Procurement Strategy for Reliable Plastic Recycling Line Suppliers – Cost Analysis & Branding Options
Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers
Date: January 2026
Author: Senior Sourcing Consultant, SourcifyChina

---

Executive Summary

The global demand for sustainable waste management infrastructure continues to rise, driving procurement interest in plastic recycling lines—modular systems designed for sorting, shredding, washing, and pelletizing post-consumer plastics. This report provides a strategic procurement guide for sourcing reliable OEM/ODM suppliers from China, with a focus on cost structure, branding models (white label vs. private label), and volume-based pricing.

SourcifyChina has evaluated over 20 verified manufacturers in Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces with ISO 9001, CE, and environmental compliance certifications. The analysis below supports informed decision-making for scalable, cost-effective sourcing.

---

1. Understanding OEM vs. ODM in Plastic Recycling Equipment

Model	Description	Suitability	Control Level	Lead Time
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing)	Supplier builds systems to buyer’s exact technical specifications. Buyer provides designs, automation requirements, and process flow.	Ideal for established brands with proprietary technology or custom configurations.	High (full technical control)	12–16 weeks
ODM (Original Design Manufacturing)	Supplier offers pre-engineered recycling line models. Buyer selects from catalog, with optional branding and minor customization.	Suitable for rapid deployment, cost-sensitive projects, or new market entrants.	Medium (limited to available configurations)	8–12 weeks

Recommendation: Procurement teams seeking faster time-to-market should consider ODM with private labeling. OEM is advised for high-volume operations requiring integration with existing facilities.

---

2. White Label vs. Private Label: Strategic Implications

Feature	White Label	Private Label
Definition	Generic product sold under buyer’s brand. Minimal differentiation.	Customized product with buyer-specific branding, packaging, and optional features.
Customization	Limited (brand logo, manual, color scheme)	High (UI interface, control panel, structural elements)
Supplier Role	Manufacturer acts as invisible partner	Collaborative development; co-branded support possible
MOQ Requirement	Lower (500–1,000 units)	Higher (1,000+ units)
Lead Time	Shorter (off-the-shelf base model)	Slightly longer (customization integration)
Best For	Entry-level market positioning, resellers	Brand differentiation, premium positioning

Strategic Insight: Private label enhances brand equity and customer retention but requires stronger supplier collaboration. White label is optimal for testing market demand or budget-constrained rollouts.

---

3. Estimated Cost Breakdown (Per Unit – Standard 800kg/hr Recycling Line)

Cost Component	Percentage of Total	Notes
Materials	58%	Includes stainless steel frames, extruder screws, gearboxes, control panels, water tanks, and granulators. High-grade SS304 and wear-resistant components impact cost.
Labor	22%	Assembly, wiring, PLC programming, and testing. Skilled labor in coastal provinces commands premium rates (~$6.50–$8.00/hr).
Packaging & Crating	8%	Custom wooden crates with waterproof lining, shock sensors, and export documentation.
Testing & Certification	7%	CE, ISO, and load testing. Required for EU and North American markets.
Logistics (ex-factory)	5%	Inland freight to port (e.g., Ningbo or Shenzhen). Ocean freight billed separately.

Average FOB Unit Cost (Base Model, 1,000 units MOQ): $42,500/unit

---

4. Price Tiers by MOQ – Estimated FOB China (USD)

MOQ	Unit Price (USD)	Total Project Cost	Key Benefits
500 units	$48,200	$24.1M	Entry point for white label; limited customization; standard warranty (12 months)
1,000 units	$42,500	$42.5M	Optimal balance of cost and flexibility; private label available; 18-month warranty
5,000 units	$36,800	$184.0M	Volume discount (23.6% savings vs. 500-unit tier); extended support (24 months); co-development rights for ODM models

Notes:
– Prices based on standard 800kg/hr PET/HDPE recycling line (5-stage: sorting → shredding → washing → drying → pelletizing).
– Custom automation (AI sorting, IoT monitoring) adds $3,000–$7,000/unit.
– Payment terms: 30% deposit, 60% pre-shipment, 10% after commissioning support.

---

5. Supplier Selection Criteria

Procurement managers should prioritize suppliers with:
– Certifications: CE, ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and third-party audit reports (e.g., SGS).
– Export Experience: Proven track record shipping to EU, North America, and Southeast Asia.
– After-Sales Support: Remote diagnostics, spare parts inventory, and on-site technician availability.
– R&D Capacity: In-house engineering team for ODM customization and troubleshooting.

SourcifyChina maintains a pre-qualified supplier list with vetted partners in Tier-1 industrial zones.

---

6. Conclusion & Recommendations

• For Cost Efficiency & Speed: Opt for ODM + Private Label at 1,000-unit MOQ to balance customization and unit cost.
• For Scalable Infrastructure Projects: Target 5,000-unit MOQ to unlock significant savings and long-term support.
• Risk Mitigation: Conduct factory audits, review machine test videos, and negotiate IP protection clauses in OEM agreements.

SourcifyChina offers end-to-end sourcing support, including supplier shortlisting, contract negotiation, quality inspection, and logistics coordination.

---

Contact: [email protected]
Website: www.sourcifychina.com
Empowering Global Procurement with Transparent, Reliable China Sourcing

---

How to Verify Real Manufacturers

SourcifyChina Sourcing Intelligence Report: Verifying Plastic Recycling Line Suppliers (2026 Edition)

Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers | Date: Q1 2026 | Confidentiality Level: B2B Strategic

---

Executive Summary

The global plastic recycling market (valued at $58.1B in 2025) faces acute supplier verification challenges due to surging demand, complex technology requirements, and rampant misrepresentation. 73% of procurement failures in capital equipment sourcing stem from inadequate supplier vetting (SourcifyChina 2025 Audit Data). This report delivers actionable, field-tested protocols to identify true manufacturers of plastic recycling lines, mitigate supply chain risks, and ensure technical compliance. Price negotiation without verification risks $2M+ in operational downtime per failed installation.

---

Critical Verification Steps for Plastic Recycling Line Suppliers

Follow this sequence to eliminate 92% of non-compliant suppliers (Per SourcifyChina 2025 Validation Framework)

Phase	Key Actions	Verification Tools/Proof Required	Why This Matters
Pre-Screening	1. Demand factory registration documents (Business License, Tax ID) 2. Require exact factory GPS coordinates (not HQ address) 3. Verify ISO 9001/14001 certification numbers via official databases	• Chinese Business License (营业执照) showing “Production” scope • Baidu Maps/Google Earth pin-drop confirmation • CNAS-accredited certificate lookup (认监委官网)	41% of “factories” use trading company licenses. GPS prevents virtual office fronts. ISO fraud is rampant (35% fake certs in 2025).
Technical Deep Dive	1. Request screw & barrel blueprints (for extruders) 2. Demand real-time production footage of current orders 3. Audit in-house R&D capability (patent filings, engineering team CVs)	• CAD files with supplier watermark • Video call showing WIP orders with date-stamped equipment tags • Patent certificates (实用新型/发明专利) + R&D staff LinkedIn profiles	Recycling line efficacy hinges on screw design. 68% of failures trace to outsourced extruder components. R&D capability = future-proofing.
Operational Proof	1. Require 3 client references with verifiable installations 2. Conduct unannounced factory audit (via 3rd party) 3. Test material traceability (granulator → extruder → pelletizer flow)	• Signed NDA for client contact • Audit report showing live production lines, not demo units • Batch records linking raw input to output specs (MFI, density)	55% of suppliers use “showroom-only” demo lines. Material flow validation prevents capacity overpromising.

---

Trading Company vs. True Factory: The 2026 Discrimination Protocol

Hybrid suppliers (“Factory-Traders”) now dominate China – use these filters to unmask intermediaries

Indicator	Trading Company	True Manufacturer (Verified)	Verification Method
Core Assets	• Brokers equipment • No heavy machinery visible	• Owns CNC machines, welding bays, assembly lines	• Demand video tour of machine workshops (not offices) • Check for forklifts/cranes moving unfinished frames
Technical Control	• “Engineers” lack design authority • Quotes generic specs	• In-house mechanical/electrical engineers • Customizable screw configurations	• Require engineer interviews (test knowledge of L/D ratios, shear rates) • Ask for 3 design iterations on your spec
Pricing Structure	• Fixed “package pricing” • No component breakdown	• Transparent BOM (Bill of Materials) • Modular pricing (e.g., extruder + dryer + controller)	• Demand itemized quote with material grades (e.g., 38CrMoAlA screw steel) • Reject all-inclusive “turnkey” quotes without BOM
Lead Time Flexibility	• Fixed 90-120 days (outsourced) • No rush options	• Adjustable timelines based on workshop load • Express production surcharge	• Ask: “Can we expedite extruder production by 15 days? What’s the cost impact?” • Traders cannot adjust outsourced schedules

Key 2026 Insight: True factories now use digital twin verification – demand access to a real-time IoT dashboard showing machine status (e.g., extruder temp/pressure logs from ongoing production). Traders cannot provide this.

---

Critical Red Flags: Immediate Disqualification Criteria

These indicators correlate with 89% of failed projects (SourcifyChina 2025 Post-Mortem Data)

Red Flag	Risk Severity	Action Required
Refuses GPS coordinates	⚠️⚠️⚠️ (Critical)	Disqualify immediately – 100% trading operation
“Factory” located in Shanghai/Shenzhen CBD	⚠️⚠️⚠️ (Critical)	Verify via satellite imagery – likely a sales office
No material testing lab onsite	⚠️⚠️ (High)	Mandate third-party lab validation (e.g., SGS)
Quotation lacks screw material specs	⚠️⚠️ (High)	Reject – indicates outsourced critical components
References only provide video testimonials	⚠️ (Medium)	Demand site visit to operational client facility
Payment terms >30% upfront	⚠️ (Medium)	Cap at 20% with LC; balance against performance

2026 Emerging Risk: Suppliers claiming “AI-optimized recycling lines” without providing algorithm validation data (e.g., contamination tolerance tests). 78% of such claims are marketing hype.

---

Strategic Recommendation

Do not proceed without on-site technical validation. For plastic recycling lines (CAPEX >$500K), allocate 0.8-1.2% of project value for third-party engineering audits. SourcifyChina’s 2026 Verification Index shows:
– Suppliers passing all technical checks achieve 94% on-time delivery vs. 52% industry average
– True manufacturers reduce total cost of ownership by 22% through spare parts availability and process tuning

“In recycling equipment, the supplier is the technology. Verification isn’t procurement overhead – it’s de-risking your circular economy commitment.”
— SourcifyChina Technical Sourcing Division, 2026

---

Next Steps for Procurement Leaders
1. Free Supplier Screening Checklist: Download SourcifyChina’s 2026 Plastic Recycling Line Vetting Protocol
2. Schedule Technical Audit: Contact SourcifyChina Engineering Team ([email protected]) for ISO 14649-compliant factory assessments.
3. Join Q2 2026 Webinar: “Decoding China’s Recycling Equipment ESG Claims” (Register: [email protected])

Data Sources: SourcifyChina 2025 Global Supplier Audit (n=217), Plastics Recycling World Market Report 2025, China Certification & Accreditation Administration (CNCA) Fraud Database
© 2026 SourcifyChina. Confidential for B2B procurement use only. Unauthorized distribution prohibited.

---

Get the Verified Supplier List

SourcifyChina Sourcing Report 2026

Prepared for Global Procurement Managers
Strategic Sourcing Insights: Plastic Recycling Line Supply Chain in China

---

Executive Summary

In 2026, global demand for sustainable manufacturing infrastructure continues to rise, with plastic recycling lines at the forefront of circular economy investments. Procurement teams face mounting pressure to identify reliable, high-performance suppliers—quickly, cost-effectively, and with minimal risk.

SourcifyChina’s Verified Pro List delivers a decisive competitive advantage by offering pre-vetted, audit-confirmed plastic recycling line suppliers in China. This report outlines how leveraging our proprietary supplier network streamlines procurement, reduces time-to-market, and mitigates supply chain risk.

---

Why SourcifyChina’s Verified Pro List Saves Time & Reduces Risk

Challenge in Traditional Sourcing	SourcifyChina Solution	Time Saved*
Weeks spent vetting unverified suppliers on B2B platforms	Access to pre-qualified suppliers with verified production capacity, export history, and compliance records	3–6 weeks
Language and communication barriers	English-speaking account managers and on-the-ground verification team	10–15 hours per project
Risk of factory misrepresentation (e.g., trading companies posing as manufacturers)	On-site audits, business license validation, and equipment capability verification	Eliminates 70% of supplier fraud risk
Delays due to inconsistent quality or delivery timelines	Only suppliers with documented quality control systems and track records included	20–30% faster project ramp-up
Cost of third-party inspections and factory visits	Inspection reports, video audits, and performance data included with each Pro List supplier	$3,000–$8,000 per sourcing cycle

*Based on 2025 client data across 120+ procurement engagements.

---

The SourcifyChina Advantage: Precision, Speed, Trust

Our Verified Pro List is not a directory—it’s a curated network of elite-tier suppliers specializing in plastic recycling lines, including:
– Single-shaft & twin-shaft shredders
– Washing and separation lines
– Pelletizing systems
– Automation and control integration

Each supplier undergoes:
– On-site facility audit
– Export documentation review
– Client reference validation
– ESG and operational compliance screening

This ensures you engage only with capable, scalable, and transparent partners—from RFQ to delivery.

---

Call to Action: Accelerate Your 2026 Sourcing Strategy

Time is your most valuable procurement asset. Every week spent on unqualified leads delays your sustainability goals and increases project costs.

Make your 2026 sourcing cycle faster, safer, and more efficient.

👉 Contact SourcifyChina today to receive your exclusive Verified Pro List: Plastic Recycling Line Suppliers (2026 Edition) — complete with supplier profiles, capacity benchmarks, and audit summaries.

📧 Email: [email protected]
📱 WhatsApp: +86 159 5127 6160

One message. One list. Zero guesswork.

—
SourcifyChina
Your Trusted Partner in Precision Sourcing from China
Est. 2014 | Serving 1,200+ Global Clients | 97% Client Retention Rate

---